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8.3 Handling Exceptions

It is possible to write programs that handle selected exceptions. Look at the following example, which prints a table of inverses of some floating point numbers:

      >>> numbers = [0.3333, 2.5, 0, 10]
      >>> for x in numbers:
      ...     print x,
      ...     try:
      ...         print 1.0 / x
      ...     except ZeroDivisionError:
      ...         print '*** has no inverse ***'
      ...
      0.3333 3.00030003
      2.5 0.4
      0 *** has no inverse ***
      10 0.1

The `try` statement works as follows.

- First, the try clause (the statement(s) between the `try` and `except` keywords) is executed.
- If no exception occurs, the except clause is skipped and execution of the `try` statement is finished.
- If an exception occurs during execution of the try clause, the rest of the clause is skipped. Then if its type matches the exception named after the `except` keyword, the rest of the try clause is skipped, the except clause is executed, and then execution continues after the `try` statement.
- If an exception occurs which does not match the exception named in the except clause, it is passed on to outer `try` statements; if no handler is found, it is an unhandled exception and execution stops with a message as shown above.

A `try` statement may have more than one except clause, to specify handlers for different exceptions. At most one handler will be executed. Handlers only handle exceptions that occur in the corresponding try clause, not in other handlers of the same `try` statement. An except clause may name multiple exceptions as a parenthesized list, e.g.:

      ... except (RuntimeError, TypeError, NameError):
      ...     pass

The last except clause may omit the exception name(s), to serve as a wildcard. Use this with extreme caution, since it is easy to mask a real programming error in this way!

The `try` ... `except` statement has an optional else clause, which must follow all except clauses. It is useful to place code that must be executed if the try clause does not raise an exception. For example:

      for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
          try:
              f = open(arg, 'r')
          except IOError:
              print 'cannot open', arg
          else:
              print arg, 'has', len(f.readlines()), 'lines'
              f.close()

When an exception occurs, it may have an associated value, also known as the exceptions's argument. The presence and type of the argument depend on the exception type. For exception types which have an argument, the except clause may specify a variable after the exception name (or list) to receive the argument's value, as follows:

      >>> try:
      ...     spam()
      ... except NameError, x:
      ...     print 'name', x, 'undefined'
      ...
      name spam undefined

If an exception has an argument, it is printed as the last part (`detail') of the message for unhandled exceptions.

Exception handlers don't just handle exceptions if they occur immediately in the try clause, but also if they occur inside functions that are called (even indirectly) in the try clause. For example:

      >>> def this_fails():
      ...     x = 1/0
      ...
      >>> try:
      ...     this_fails()
      ... except ZeroDivisionError, detail:
      ...     print 'Handling run-time error:', detail
      ...
      Handling run-time error: integer division or modulo